Opium Wars Essays - ChinaUnited Kingdom Relations, Opium

Opium Wars The Opium Wars, once in a while called the Anglo-Chinese Wars, were inspired by the European nations want to make a benefit through abuse of their control over the mechanically more fragile Qing China. This personal responsibility is found in the presentation and advancement of recreational opium to the Chinese by the British, and the Chinese governments resistance to such broad maltreatment of its residents. It is additionally found in the trade offs made between both China and Europe which constrained Chinese to open up to more exchange, just as the devastating terms of give up that the Qing government had to meet. In conclusion, the way that such a large number of various countries contributed themselves and their assets to a war which they were reasonably detachted from just as the prizes they gathered from these campaigns. The above all else bit of proof that epitomizes how the genuine inspiration of the opium wars was personal circumstance for the sake of the Europeans is the causes paving the way to the war. In particular, the advancement of recreational opium in China by the Europeans. Some time before the Europeans interacted with China, Chinese specialists were utilizing opium for therapeutic purposes, it was the British that started blending opium and tobacco and advancing in China for recreational use. The principal opium act prohibiting the utilization of tobacco and opium blended smoking was passed in 1729, when there were around 200 chests of opium being imported to China yearly. This specific proclamation was not vigorously authorized at ports or on residents, in light of the fact that at that point, the opium use was not seen by the decision ing as an extreme enough issue. By around 1799, there was a more up to date, progressively severe proclamation restricting it, on the grounds that at t his point, the yearly import had ascended to 4,500 chests for every year. This number jumped exponentially further during the 1830s to around 40,000 chests for every year. As of now, around 2 million Chinese residents were seriously dependent on opium. what's more, bought it routinely. These individuals endured the inconvenient impacts of opium, including however not restricted to languor, sickness, breathing and heart inconveniences, just as uncontrolable seizures . The individuals experiencing these things turned out to be only a weight upon society costing cash to keep up, at last harming the Chinese economy, and taking care of into the British. Another explanation that makes the insatiability inspiring these Opium wars evident are the outcomes authorized upon the losing side, China. One of the prerequisites of the Nanking Treaty was that China needed to open up five ports solely to the British, that British residents given the correct forces were permitted to legitimately provide requests to Chinese authorities. This put British dealers in such a place of intensity, that they bested neighborhood authorities and increased a great deal of impact over exchange. Notwithstanding this neighborhood move of intensity, the Qing government needed to pay out 21 million dollars worth of reparations to British traders and the administration for lost opium and assets. The Qing were likewise compelled to discharge British detainees, award acquittal to residents who helped the British, and they needed to pull back soldiers from Nanking which were to be supplanted by British ones who might see that the arrangement terms were met. This strai ghtforwardly prevented the Qing from rebuffing traitorous residents and detainees, causing them to seem powerless, and by constraining the Chinese to pull back soldiers from their own property is advancing embarrassment and thrashing according to Chinese residents. At long last, and above all the Qing government had to hand over their regulatory city, Hong Kong, to British an a crown settlement. This furnished the British merchants with a spot to stack their merchandise available to be purchased to the Chinese individuals. This was to debilitate the overseeing intensity of the Qing and restore British predominance over the Chinese. The last bit of proof engaged with demonstrating the Opium Wars were inspired by eagerness is the benefits different nations gathered and their inclusion for the sake of the British. The principal nation to start meddling in Chinese exchange and local issues . It began the First Opium War when British started constraining their opium into China and carrying it into ports, just as endeavoring to make

Technoscience Essays - Science And Technology Studies,

Technoscience The world is evolving quickly. A solitary mechanical improvement can prompt an unbounded number of weighty turns of events, every one of which having fluctuating impacts on mankind. These effects, or pointers, show the consequences of innovative turn of events. Climactic, monetary, social, and vitality related pointers are significant in demonstrating mankind's utilization of technoscience, and show that specific political and monetary changes are required so that technoscientists can utilize their insight to profit the extraordinary dominant part of mankind. Climactic pointers are great instances of mankind's abuse of technoscience. One such pointer is worldwide temperature. It shows the outcomes of the consuming of petroleum derivatives and the arrival of nitrous oxides into the climate. Creation of coal, oil, flammable gas and atomic force each extended by 1 percent in 1995 (Brown, 16). Comprehensively, the ten hottest years out of the last 130 have all happened in the eighties and nineties (Brown, 15). These figures exhibit that mankind isn't viably controlling and restricting its utilization of non-renewable energy sources. Thus, corrosive downpour falls upon the earth decimating what is left of the planet's backwoods and, an expected 37 percent of the fish species that possess thelakes and surges of North America are either in peril or terminated. A second pointer that shows mankind's abuse of technoscience is the worldwide economy. Worldwide monetary insights show the outcomes of the uses of technoscience. In 1995, the worldwide economy developed by an evaluated 3.7 percent the biggest addition since the 4.6 percent development in 1980 (Earthy colored, 74). The utilization of technoscientific advancements in different fields raised the worldwide yield of merchandise and ventures. In spite of the fact that this was a noteworthy extension advancing work and improvement, it likewise expanded the impractical requests on the world's normal frameworks and assets, for example, the planet's woodlands. Utilizations of technoscience have set up the requirement for wood. The woodlands that once covered in excess of 40 percent of the world's property surface presently spread just 27 percent of it (Brown, 19). Accordingly, soil disintegrates, what's more, the limit of soils and vegetation to ingest and store water is diminished. Mankind's abuse of technoscience can likewise be shown with social markers. Eighty-7,000,000 individuals were added to the populace in 1995 (Sachs, 88). The dominant part were added to nations that were at that point battling with the aftereffects of technoscience: exhaustion of ranger service, disintegration of soil, and decrease of springs. This additional populace just expanded these nations' issues. Populace development is easing back in some country's, yet for an inappropriate reasons. In Russia, the mix of monetary decay and ecological contamination has raised demise rates, while lost expectation later on has brought down birth rates (Brown, 19). In Zimbabwe, births despite everything surpass passings, yet by much not exactly a couple of years prior on the grounds that AIDS related passings are expanding. Valuable utilizations of technoscience could be utilized in the above cases to improve social circumstance by presenting more noteworthy populace control techniques and by serving to control the AIDS pandemic. Vitality related pointers shoe the constructive outcomes of technoscientific application. While the creation of coal, oil, gaseous petrol also, atomic force each extended by 1 percent in 1995, wind electric age extended by 33 percent and deals of sun powered cells climbed 17 percent (Brown, 5658). The tackling of wind and sun based vitality doesn't make the naturally unsafe side-effects related with their non-renewable energy source and atomic partners. Humankind's utilization of sustainable power sources can just diminish ecological issues. Charles E. Lindblom's system of open strategy coordination is a compelling technique by which technoscientists can be guaranteed that their improvements will be completely investigated so mankind won't be harmed by their work. In any case, most partnerships give solid motivating forces (rewards, stock choices) to urge administrators to industriously seek after corporate gainfulness (Woodhouse, 173). This outcomes in a quick, untested dynamic procedure that yields quick development of items and creation strategies that offer short term purchaser viability, benefits for the merchant and possibly long haul negative outcomes to a segment of humankind, the earth or the world. Political strategies concerning innovative advancements must be slow and intentional with the goal that the advancement's advantages can significantly exceed the burdens. Clashing pioneers ought to investigate advancements so each can think about different's perspectives. The underlying strategy ought to be modified in little, reversible strides in light of input about mistakes, understandings, and changing impression of requirements and openings (Morone, 168). The net outcome will be a general advantage to mankind. From a financial viewpoint, technoscientist's work may yield a more prominent compassionate advantage with the increment in like manner individuals' job in the innovative dynamic procedure. Shockingly, innovative turns of events, regardless

Trilafon (Perphenazine) Side Effects

Trilafon (Perphenazine) Side Effects Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Trilafon (Perphenazine) Side Effects By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Updated on February 23, 2020 PhotoAlto / Frederic Cirou / Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Symptoms Diagnosis Trilafon (perphenazine) is an antipsychotic in a class called phenothiazines that is approved for use in the management of  schizophrenia.  It is also sometimes prescribed off-label for bipolar disorder and the management of severe nausea and vomiting. Perphenazine is infrequently prescribed today and has been largely replaced by lower-potency, second-generation antipsychotics.??   Cautions to Take When Using Trilafon Trilafon is a conventional antipsychotic, also known as a typical antipsychotic, which means it is among the first generation of antipsychotic medications developed in the 1950s. This means it has more, and potentially more serious, side effects than newer, atypical antipsychotics. Still, it can be a good choice for treatment for certain people. Because of the potential side effects that may not go away after treatment, its important to discuss with your doctor how the benefits of taking Trilafon may outweigh the risks. Your doctor will likely monitor you fairly closely if you are on Trilafon and decrease or stop your dose if you are showing signs of some of these negative effects. Common Side Effects of Trilafon Check with your doctor if any of the following side effects dont go away or are bothersome: ConstipationDecreased sweatingDizzinessDrowsinessDryness of mouthNasal congestion Less Common Side Effects Other side effects that are less common that may occur are: Changes in menstrual periodDecreased sexual abilityIncreased sensitivity of skin to sunlight (skin rash, itching, redness or other discoloration of skin, or severe sunburn)Swelling or pain in breastsUnusual secretion of milkWeight gain Serious Side Effects If you have any of these serious side effects, call your doctor immediately. They include: Tardive dyskinesia, a movement disorder, that can occur and may not go away after you stop using the medicine. Signs of tardive dyskinesia include fine, worm-like movements of the tongue, or other uncontrolled movements of the mouth, tongue, cheeks, jaw, or arms and legs.Severe muscle stiffnessFeverUnusual tiredness or weaknessFast heartbeatDifficult or fast breathingIncreased sweatingLoss of bladder controlSeizures  Decreased thirstConfusionEye pain  Fast heartbeat or irregular pulseRash or hivesHigh or low blood pressureTight throatVision lossSwelling in your eyes, face, mouth, lips, tongue, throat, arms, hands, feet, ankles or lower legsItchingUnusually pale skinUnusual tiredness or weakness Side Effects of Withdrawal   Potential side effects of withdrawal from Trilafon include: DizzinessNausea and vomitingStomach painTrembling of the fingers and handsTardive dyskinesia symptoms, such as lip-smacking or puckering, puffing of cheeks, rapid or fine, worm-like movements of the tongue, uncontrolled chewing movements, or uncontrolled movements of arms or legs If you have any of these symptoms, be sure to call your doctor. Other Medication Options for Bipolar Disorder Medications that are typically used for bipolar disorder may include: Mood Stabilizers:  These include medications like Lithobid (lithium),  Depakote (divalproex sodium), Tegretol (carbamazepine) and Lamictal (lamotrigine), and are prescribed to help balance your moods.Antipsychotics:  Newer choices include  Zyprexa (olanzapine), Risperdal (risperidone), Abilify (aripiprazole) and Seroquel (quetiapine). An antipsychotic may be added to your treatment plan if you are still having mania and depressive symptoms.Antidepressants: Your doctor may put you on an antidepressant to help minimize the effects of your depressive symptoms. Typical choices include Prozac (fluoxetine),  Celexa (citalopram),  Zoloft (sertraline),  Paxil (paroxetine),  Lexapro (escitalopram), Effexor (venlafaxine), Cymbalta (duloxetine) and Wellbutrin (bupropion).  Anti-anxiety medications:  These medications can be prescribed to help with anxiety and sleeping difficulties.

The 9 / 11 Attacks On The United States - 1536 Words

The 9/11 attacks on the United States in the early morning hours on September 11, 2001 have defined the current culture in America more than any other event during the 21st century. This attack would rock a country that before that had not had an attack on American soil since the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. An entire generation had lived in relative peace and developed a sense of complacency. On the morning of September 11, 2001, a plane that had been overtaken by hijackers intent on destruction was flown into the north tower of the World Trade Center at 8:45 am eastern time. Minutes after the first plane a second would hit the south tower. Another plane crashed into the Pentagon and another into a Pennsylvania field†¦show more content†¦After the death of Osama Bin Laden, President Obama announced the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan with the intent to have all U.S. forces removed by the end of 2014. Recent events in the Middle East are raising questions as to the desirability of this withdrawal in its entirety. The 9/11 attacks would change President Bush’s foreign policy focus from building relationships with other great powers such as China and Russia to the terrorist countries and other radical fronts such as Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. In the past the U.S. concentrated on containing and deterring encroachment on other countries. President Bush and his administration would take a preemptive approach to dealing with these factions. President Bush viewed these areas as a security threat because of their propensity to harbor and provide hiding for the extremist terrorist groups. In the fallout of the 9/11 attacks large factions of Americans would not feel comfortable in the presence or vicinity of Muslims. Bush favored a, â€Å"freedom agenda† (World Politics News Review, 2011). that promoted democracy in the Middle East in the hopes to limit extremism. The idea being that democracy in these areas would provide a peace that has never been achieved in thousands of years in that region. While promoting democracy the American citizenry has looked at the Muslim community with a wary eye. American has long been called the melting

How Does Chinese Culture View Dogs

Dogs are known the world over as man’s best friend. But in China, dogs are also eaten as food. Looking past the oftentimes offensive stereotype regarding the treatment of canines in Chinese society, how does Chinese culture view our four-legged friends? Dogs in Chinese History We don’t know exactly when dogs were first domesticated by humans, but it was probably more than 15,000 years ago. Studies have shown that genetic diversity among dogs in highest in Asia, which means the domestication of dogs probably happened there first. It’s impossible to say exactly where the practice began, but dogs were a part of Chinese culture from its very genesis, and their remains have been found in the country’s most ancient archaeological sites. This doesn’t mean that dogs of that age were particularly well cared for, though. Dogs, along with pigs, were considered a chief source of food and were also commonly used in ritual sacrifices. But dogs were also used by the ancient Chinese as helpers when hunting, and hunting dogs were kept and trained by many Chinese emperors. Several breeds of dogs were developed in China, such as the Pekingese, Shar Pei, and Tibetan Mastiff. In more recent history, dogs were common in rural areas, where they served in part as companions but mostly as work animals, performing functions like shepherding and assisting with some of the farm labor. Although these dogs were considered useful and often given pet names—as is true for Western farm dogs—they weren’t generally considered pets in the Western sense of the word  and were also considered a potential source of food if the need for meat ever outweighed their usefulness on the farm. Dogs As Pets The rise of China’s modern middle class and a shift in attitudes about animal intelligence and animal welfare has led to a sharp rise in ownership of dogs as pets. Pet dogs used to be quite uncommon in Chinese cities where they served no practical purpose because there was no farm work to be done—and they were banned in many urban areas in the early 1990s. However, today dogs are a common sight on streets in Chinese cities nationwide, partly because of the health benefits of dog ownership. China’s government hasn’t quite caught up with the modern attitudes of its people, though, and dog lovers in China face a few issues. One is that many cities require owners to register their dogs and forbid the ownership of medium or large dogs. In some cases, there have been reports of overzealous enforcers confiscating and killing large pet dogs after they were ruled illegal in local law. China also lacks any sort of national laws regarding animal cruelty, meaning that if you see a dog being mistreated or even killed by its owner, there’s nothing you can do about it. Dogs As Food Dogs are still eaten as food in modern China, and indeed it isn’t particularly difficult in major cities to find at least a restaurant or two that specializes in dog meat. However, attitudes towards the eating of dog vary widely from person to person, and while some consider it just as acceptable as eating pork or chicken, others are vehemently opposed. In the last decade, activist groups have formed in China to attempt to stamp out the use of dog meat in cuisine. On several occasions, these groups have even hijacked trucks of dogs bound for the slaughter and redistributed them to proper owners to be raised as pets, instead. Barring a legislative ruling one way or the other, China’s tradition of dog-eating isn’t going to disappear overnight. But the tradition is less important to, and often more frowned-on by, the younger generations, which have been raised with a more cosmopolitan worldview and have had more exposure to the joys of owning dogs as pets. It seems likely, then, that the use of dog meat in Chinese cuisine may become less common in the years to come. Sources and Further Reading Feng, Yanyan et al. Prevalence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in pets from South China. Veterinary Microbiology 160.3/4 (2012):517–524.  Headey, Bruce, Fu Na, and Richard Zheng. Pet Dogs Benefit Owners’ Health: A ‘Natural Experiment’ in China. Social Indicators Research 87.3 (2008): 481–493.Koiviola, Zhanna. Chinas love-hate history with dogs. GB Times, June 13, 2016.  Zhang, Han et al. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in Stray and Household Dogs in Guangzhou, China. The Journal of Parasitology 96.3 (2010):671–672.

Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist Free Essays

string(98) " is that which nothing greater can be conceived, the idea of God must exist, if only in the mind\." Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist At some point in life every person may question the existence of god. This could happen for a number of reasons. For example when we see bad things that occur around the world we may lose our faith or wonder why does god allow these things to happen? As humans we all have a natural instinct to find answers to things that we ourselves cannot explain or understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philosophers have spent a great amount of time trying to prove or disapprove the existence of god, but do we really need proof that god exist? This is a tough question to answer because there are people that would say yes and people that would say no. I myself have never questioned the existence of god due to the fact that I feel like the proof of his existence is all around us. In this paper I will discuss the two sides of this debut and which side makes the most valid argument for my personal beliefs. When you ask someone why they believe in something most likely it is because they have facts or some type of evidence as to why they believe what they do. If I say my dog bites and show you my arm with bite marks then you are more likely to believe that my statement is true. The same thoughts can be applied to the way some people believe and do not believe in god. Some people believe because they have faith in the bible and that something more powerful than any other force had to create all the living things on earth. Others believe that everything in that is on earth could have evolved through science and therefore none of the creations on earth are proof that god exist, these people are often referred to as atheist. When people think about an atheist they usually think that they worship the devil or are into some type of satanic worship, but this is not the case. Simply put atheists just do not believe in god and they believe that science played a part in the creation of the world and the things on it. The issue is why do we need proof that god exist and what type of proof is needed to prove his existence? Many people, including Christians, wonder what proof is there that God exist. Is there really any concrete evidence to prove that an all-powerful creator exists? Or are we all being blinded by our faith and believing in something that may or may not be real, just so that we have hope that life is better after death. It is hard to imagine something that has always xisted, because as human all we know is life and death. To understand something that never began and will never end is hard to wrap our brains around that concept. If a person oppose the possibility of there being a God, then any evidence presented can be rationalized or explained away. It is like if someone refuses to believe that people have seen ghost or spirits, then no amount of information is going to change their thinking. There are photographs of ghost and spirits, personal interviews from people who have encountered these beings, and even special equipment that can pick up various activities from these beings. Although this may be enough evidence for most people to some all this evidence would be worthless, because the person has already concluded that ghost or spirits do not exist. Of course many have tried to prove God’s existence with rational arguments. Aquinas, Abelard, Anselm, Pascal, and Paley are a few that have attempted this. These approaches are of limited helpfulness, for though we can approach God with our reason and detect Him in nature, he cannot be fully grasped in this way. More importantly, these logical proofs for God’s existence miss the point. What is the point? In my experience, most of those who doubt or deny God’s existence do not do so because of firmly held philosophical convictions. They do so because of personal disappointment with God. Furthermore, I’m suggesting that many of those who now perceive themselves as doubting or denying God for philosophical reasons, got where they are because they became personally disillusioned with God sometime in the past. To answer the question, ‘Does God Exist? ‘, a number of studies, articles, and research papers have been written. Two arguments that best attempt to prove the existence of God are the ontological argument by St. Anselm, and the cosmological argument by St. Thomas Aquinas. The second out of the five arguments provided in the cosmological argument is based on experience and efficient cause. The efficient cause makes something happen, i. e. cause and effect, and this are the premises for his argument. Aquinas argues that nothing in this world can originate on its own, and must have a first cause to create an intermediate cause, to create an ultimate cause and effect. Infinity makes it impossible to have a first efficient cause, but if there is no first cause, there would be no intermediate cause, and we would not exist. In the ontological argument, St Anselm provides an argument that is based on logic. In order to understand his argument you must first admit that, if there is a God, he is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. This is the premise for his argument. Without this premises his argument would fail. It must be agreed to, because it is a true statement. You do not have to believe in God in order to agree to these Premises. In agreeing to these first premises, St Anselm forces you to admit that God does exist in reality because his premises support his conclusion. St. Anselm’s Theory is that if God is that which nothing greater can be conceived, the idea of God must exist, if only in the mind. You read "Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist" in category "Essay examples" To exist in reality is greater than existing in the mind. Therefore God, being that which nothing greater can be conceived must exist in reality. All his premises support his conclusion, creating a valid and sound argument proving that God must exist. St. Anselm’s first form of the argument is that God is â€Å"that than which none greater can be conceived†. This means that no one can think of anything that is greater than God. The second idea is, it is greater to exist than not to exist. Next, St. Anselm describes two kinds of existence: existence in the mind, and existence in real. Existence in the reality is very easy to believe, if you can touch, see, smell, hear, or taste something, in reality it exists. Existence in mind is harder to understand for some, because many people only believe what they see. Finally, St. Anselm defined God as the greatest being possible. A being who fails to exist is less perfect than a being that exist. Therefore, God must exist, necessarily. If the greatest thing that we can conceive does not exist than we can still conceive the greatest thing that does exist, and that would be God. Philosophers, whether they are atheists, or believers have always been eager to discuss the existence of God. Some philosophers, such as St Anselm, and Rene Descartes, that formulated the ontological arguments attempt to prove God’s existence, believe that we have proven that God exist through our senses, logic, and experiences. Ontological† literally means talking about being and so in this case, that being is the existence or being of God. Ontological arguments all have ways to prove the existence of God. This argument is very important for religious believers, but has come under criticism from those who do not believe; because they say that it is flawed. Immanuel Kant feels that we will never have the answer to this ques tion due to our human limitations, and reason. Every painting has a painter and for every book there is a writer. The same can be said about the creation of our world. Our world could not have just created itself. Thomas Aquinas, a Catholic Dominican monk, more clearly proves this point with the First Cause argument. In this argument he says that there is a cause for everything but there cannot be an infinite amount of causes. There could only be a first, the intermediate, and then the last cause. This argument is very true and if God did not exist as the uncaused first cause then nothing else would make sense. The first and second premise is true because based on experience things are made or moved and things don’t just appear out of thin air. The third premise is also true because at some point in time something had to be put in motion and there cannot just be an endless stream of causes. If God was taken out of the causes then we wouldn’t exist here today. Many still argue that neither one of these arguments prove Gods existence, because it is impossible for our reason to accept them. In Soren Kierkegaard’s argument, â€Å"Faith, not Logic is The Basis of Belief; he argues that it is impossible to prove Gods existence because it is beyond our reason as human beings to do so. Kierkegaard classifies the word God under the word unknown. It is impossible for reason to know the unknown, so it is impossible to know, or prove God exists. Kierkegaard also claims that reason on its own does not attempt to prove God exists, he claims that it would be foolish to do so. It would be foolish to do so because reason is from existence, not towards it. Therefore if God does not exist, it would be impossible to prove he does, and if God does exist, because of our worldly limitations, it would be impossible to justify it as truth. Kierkegaard claims that the only way to argue Gods existence would be to assume Gods existence before creating the argument. In having faith, you have knowledge on what God should be like in order to fill the Gap of the unknown with ideas about God. Having Faith would make reason understand God. Doubt exists in the believer and the non-believer because it is beyond our reason to determine the truth of God’s existence. The Big Bang Theory generally refers to the idea that the universe has expanded from a hot and dense condition at some time in the past, and continues to expand to this day. My question is what put it there? Time could have not decided to one day say, â€Å"I think I’m going to create life in a thing called a universe. † And magically particles come out of nowhere, more and more build up until it’s screaming hot, and then BANG! Time begins and so does everything as we know it today. Something had to place it there. Something had to have planned out the whole process. Everything is too complex and precise to not have been created by an intelligent being. From beginning to present time billions of people from all around the world have believed and been convinced in the existence of a god. There are various forms of evidence displaying the belief of a god throughout history including biblical carvings, artistic creations, religious and political conflicts, traditions, architect and the creation of the bible itself. Could one say with any sense of confidence that the shared concept of the beliefs and actions of so many people living in different times with different realities be mistaken? It is extraordinary how despite the many different languages, customs, cultures, values, and lifestyles, the belief in God or a higher power is one of the few things that can unify all people. This is strong evidence contributing to mine and many others faith in the existence of God. The existence of god is something that has puzzled millions of people around the world. It tears families apart, and brings some together. There are a lot of arguments supporting the existence of god, but just as many denying the fact that he or it exists. Agnosticism is something that many people go by because it allows your mind to explore and assist you in deciding whether or not a deity exists. You need to find the answers within yourself because only you can determine what truth and reality is. Not all questions may be answered, but it will allow you to form a true and concise belief. You cannot depend on someone or something else to satisfy your questions. You only live once and must search for the knowledge you desire. Some people are destined to succeed, and others are determined to succeed. If you seek the truth, you will find it. Logan, I. (2007). Whatever Happened to Kant’s Ontological Argument?. Philosophy Phenomenological Research, 74(2), 346-363. doi:10. 1111/j. 1933-1592. 2007. 00021. x McCarthy-Jones, S. (2011). Seeing the unseen, hearing the unsaid: hallucinations, psychology and St Thomas Aquinas. Mental Health, Religion Culture, 14(4), 353-369. doi:10. 1080/13674671003745870 Mikolajczak, M. (2004). Is there proof for the existence of God?. National Catholic Reporter, 40(43), 5a Morse, D. R. (2011, October). God’s Existence: Proof. Journal of Spirituality Paranormal Studies. p. 181. Schumacher, L. (2011). THE LOST LEGACY OF ANSELM’S ARGUMENT: RE-THINKING THE PURPOSE OF PROOFS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. Modern Theology, 27(1), 87-101. doi:10. 1111/j. 1468-0025. 2010. 01656. x How to cite Is Proof Needed in Order for God to Exist, Essay examples

Targeted Advertising Advertising Avoidance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Targeted Advertising Advertising Avoidance? Answer: Introduction The demographic analysis is based on the age and the segmentation of the market to which the organization is targeting its products. The determination of the age is an important aspect as it helps in determining the type of the product that is being delivered to the customers based on the preferences and the needs. Geographical distribution- The geographical distribution of the population helps in determining the segmentation of the market based on the demands. It helps the organization in understanding the different segments and thereby place their advertisements based on the difference in the languages and the preferences of the people. Income and education- The income and the education levels of the target audience is an important factor that affects the growth and the placement of the advertisements. The determination of the potential buyers has helped in understanding the placement of the advertisement the market. Political and legal issues Legal issues that might be faced by the organizations are based in the discretion of the advertisements based on the age limit. The proper evaluation of the content of the advertisement is being undertaken in order to avoid any sexually explicit material or others that might create a bad effect on the children (Strasburger et al., 2013). There are issues that the company might face based on the misleading advertisements, which might cost the consumers privacy. It affects the goodwill of the organization and the services that are being provided the same. Political issues as if the change in the political situation of a nation where the advertisement campaign is being undertaken by the organization affects the smooth functioning of the same in the markets (Hackley and Hackley, 2017). Economic issues Recession or the economic crisis that hits the markets affects the advertisements as they are considered as an extra expense that is being undertaken by the organizations for the proper promotion of their goods and services. Therefore, at the time o recession or a meltdown the advertisements are not being undertaken resulting to a loss in the advertisement industry. Social issues The advancement in the technology has helped the industry in bringing forth changes in its systems. The advertising industry has taken steps in order to bring in changes based on the usage of the internet and the other devices, which has led the industry to decide the parameters of the channels through which the advertisements would be undertaken effectively (Eze and Lee, 2012). Advertisers are required to follow certain standards and ethics for the proper understanding of the various aspects of the change that is undergoing in the society. Therefore, in order to adhere to the changes, a constant observation is being undertaken by the advertisers. Technological aspects The advancement in the technology has helped the advertisers in undertaking steps for the better understanding of the different aspects of the channels that are used along with the broad usage of the internet and other devices (Percy, 2016). The changes have helped in identifying the different aspects of the change that is necessary to be undertaken in order to reach out to maximum of the viewers. The usage of the Big Data and the like has helped the organizations in understanding the preference of the people. It has helped the organizations in undertaking efficient advertisements. Environmental issues Advertisements still undertake the traditional mediums like the print media, banners and posters. However with the increase in the awareness of the environmental concerns, the organizations are taking steps to innovate new ways of advertising in order to make a note of the environment friendly approach of the organizations (Kilbourne, 2012). The people and consumers are more concerned about the environmental degradation. Therefore, the people prefer organic products, which is a major concern for the advertisers. Porters five force analysis of the advertising industry The customers keep on going to the same advertisers based on the product engagements. It has helped in the retention of the customers by the advertisers. The ad-space is expensive for the new entrants to perform their functions in the market. Good market hold of the established companies are being preferred by the companies seeking to make their advertisements. Therefore, there is limited scope for the new entrants to perform and get a grab of the market (Ur et al., 2012). Talent is an important aspect of the advertisement industry. Therefore, it is hard to find a good talent in the market, which can be helpful, based on the needs of the industry. Power of suppliers Limitation of the ad-spaces and the high demand in the market has helped in making it a competitive situation Advertisers experience more demand at the time of some sports event or elections. These events require mass awareness for which advertisements have helped in the growth of the organizations in the market. Power of buyers The need of the products to e advertised is based on their requirements of reaching out to the ultimate potential customers (Johnson, 2013). Therefore, in order to fulfill their requirements the products are advertised. It helps in increasing the demand for the product in the market and thereby helps in the proper placement of the product through the understanding of the segmentation. The power of the buyers are low as there are very less companies having a significance in the advertising industry. Threat of substitute products There are no substitutes that could be found in an ad-campaign. It is so because every product is required to be advertised in the market for enhancing the placement of the product and making the target segment of customers aware of the availability of the product in the market (Moriarty et al., 2014). Substitutes of advertising can be determined through the usage and differentiation of the media channels that are used for the proper advertisement of the product. Intensity of Rivalry The rivalry that is being encountered is based on the competition between the existing competitors. The high demand for the advertising services has affected the competitive framework of the advertising industry. The existing companies are reputed and experienced, which has goodwill in the market. The others compete for the position in the market in order to make a steady progression. References Eze, U.C. and Lee, C.H., 2012. Consumers attitude towards advertising.International journal of business and management,7(13), p.94. Hackley, C. and Hackley, R.A., 2017.Advertising and promotion. Sage. Johnson, J.P., 2013. Targeted advertising and advertising avoidance.The RAND Journal of Economics,44(1), pp.128-144. Kilbourne, J., 2012.Can't buy my love: How advertising changes the way we think and feel. Simon and Schuster. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N.D., Wells, W.D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L. and Spence-Stone, R., 2014.Advertising: Principles and practice. Pearson Australia. Percy, L., 2016.Strategic advertising management. Oxford University Press. Strasburger, V.C., Hogan, M.J., Mulligan, D.A., Ameenuddin, N., Christakis, D.A., Cross, C., Fagbuyi, D.B., Hill, D.L., Levine, A.E., McCarthy, C. and Moreno, M.A., 2013. Children, adolescents, and the media.Pediatrics,132(5), pp.958-961. Ur, B., Leon, P.G., Cranor, L.F., Shay, R. and Wang, Y., 2012, July. Smart, useful, scary, creepy: perceptions of online behavioral advertising. Inproceedings of the eighth symposium on usable privacy and security(p. 4). ACM.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Frank Lloyd Wright is an American architect who remains one of the most famous designers of the world due to his original ideas and unusual for ordinary Americans vision.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Frank Lloyd Wright specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Still, considering the buildings and interior design Wright had created, it is possible to say that the buildings designed by this person remind Japanese architecture. This relation may be easily proved if to consider two examples of architecture, one of which is the Japanese building, another one is designed by Wright. This picture is an example of Japanese architectural design. Looking at it, it is easy to see two levels of roof with fascinating design. Moreover, if one is familiar with the Japanese traditions and culture, he/she may easily conclude that Japanese houses full of space. It is natural to see a big room in Japanese architectural design which may b e divided into different areas by means of screens. The same tendency is seen in the buildings designed by Frank Wright. Looking at the picture, it is possible to say that it is created in the same tendency as Japanese buildings are. The roof has several levels, the materials are preliminary wooden. Looking at the building designed by Frank Wright it is possible to predict that the interior design of the building is full of space and light. Japanese people respect nature and the Frank Wright’s building created as the part of this nature may be one more proof that eastern tendencies influenced the architect. Adding to the space discussion, it is possible to state that looking at the skyscrapers the designer did not see the space, there was just height which was dictated by the human desire to be in the center of the city.Advertising Looking for essay on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The natural tendencie s of the Japanese culture are absolutely different. Nature presupposes space and freedom. That is why these tendencies are so close to Frank Wright and his buildings. Relating Frank Wright’s buildings to Japanese architectural design, it is impossible to omit the fact that geometry plays important role in far eastern culture. It seems that Japanese architects try to hide the reality under the symbolic nature of geometrical forms. Frank Wright’s works have captured some tendencies of cubism which may be easily seen from the exterior view of the building. The structure of the house is extremely important as it enhances its beauty. Looking at the works completed by Frank Wright it is impossible to disagree with the statement. It is impossible to say that Frank Wright copied the traditional Japanese architecture as the buildings have different aesthetic look, still, the tendencies are seen. It is obvious that Frank Lloyd Wright took the ideas from the cultural heritage of Japan and considered those in a new way, tried to give those absolutely new vision. Thus, it may be concluded that the Frank Lloyd Wright was inspired by the traditional Japanese architectural design. A deep look at the architecture of Japanese designers makes it possible to state that some specific features of exterior and interior design Frank Wright used while building his pieces of art were borrowed from Japanese architectural tradition. At the same time, it is necessary to state that Japanese design is not just the modern tendency, but the honor for the tradition rooted to ancient times, while the buildings designed by Wright are unexpected decisions supported with original ideas. This essay on Frank Lloyd Wright was written and submitted by user BlackWidow to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Voice in Writing 77 Questions to Find Yours

Voice in Writing 77 Questions to Find Yours Voice in Writing: 77 Questions to Find Yours Finding your unique voice in writing can be so tricky. Have you ever thought, Why do I seem to become more boring the longer I write?Or, maybe youre thinking, Why do I struggle to write when I can talk to people so easily about the same subject?Sometimes, there’s a disconnect between how we want to say something and how it actually sounds.Our voice as a writer can get lost, tainted, or may just be inconsistent.The way to combat this is found in a two-part solution:Create an avatar.Write to that avatar.What Is An Avatar?To a writer, an avatar is a composite of characteristics of people that you want as your ideal readers. This person should have a name, a picture, a specific demographic, and other detailed qualities. Once you can easily hold a picture of who this person is in your mind’s eye, you can develop your writer’s voice by writing to your avatar.When you hold your avatar in mind, you’re able to write as if youre having a conversation. This allows yo u to be more authentic, more helpful, and it enables you to connect with your reader which will in turn help you to sell more books.If your readers are the right readers (the people that your avatar represented), they will think as they read your book, Oh my goodness, this book was written exactly for me!How Do I Create An Avatar?A good first step is to think, Who is one person in my life that this book would help the most?If there is someone that you think fits the bill exactly, then voila! Write the book for that person.Chandler Bolt, founder of Self-Publishing School, even suggests starting each chapter off by addressing your avatar.For example, if your avatars name is Sharon, you could start each chapter by saying, Dear Sharon. Later, in your editing process, you can delete that initial greeting.Chandler says, What youll find is that when youre struggling with your voice and youre not sure what to say, youll just come back to, What would [name of avatar] want to hear right now? What story would most resonate with them? How could I write the next portion of my book in a language that would resonate the most to [name of avatar]?'You will write faster, you will write easier, and you will write books that your readers crave.Is an Avatar Necessary?Some people may opt for a slew of statistics that represent the general demographic of their reader instead of an avatar. But basing your writing voice off of a generic understanding of your ideal reader will result in a generic portrayal of your message.And, with a generic message, your audience will be too broad. As its been said, When your audience is everyone, your audience is no one.But I Dont Have An Avatar!If you dont know someone that perfectly embodies your avatar, don’t stress!Here are 77 questions that you can answer to flesh out your avatar, and in turn, solidify your voice as a writer.Determine Your Avatars DemographicsWhat is your avatars name?What is your avatars age?What is your avatars gender? What is the marital status of your avatar?How many children does your avatar have?What are the ages of your avatars children?What is your avatars occupation?What is their job title?How many years have they been in their current position?What is your avatars annual income?How many jobs have they held throughout their career?What is your avatars level of education?Where did they attend school?What type of experience did they have at school?Who were their friends at school?What are your avatars political views?What are your avatars religious views?It is even important that you define your avatars physical characteristics. This means that you should even have a picture of your avatar!You can easily find a picture on the internet to find an image that captures the look of your created avatar.What is your avatar’s hair color?What is your avatar’s eye color?What is your avatar’s weight?What is your avatar’s height?What does their facial expressions look like whe n theyre frustrated? Tired? Confused? Happy? Surprised? Taken off-guard?Determine Your Avatars PersonalityDescribe your avatars personality at home, at work, and in other social situations. (If youre stuck, consider the questions, What makes your avatar anxious? Does your avatar feel secure in social situations? Does your avatar crave attention or try to avoid it? Does your avatar feel accepted in their relationships?)If you could tell your avatar anything, and you knew that they would not only hear you, but apply what youve said, how would you instruct them?What are exact quotes that your avatar would say? (If you are unsure of this, simply watch people- whether personal friends or other online presences- and observe how they speak. What do their Facebook comments look like, their Amazon book reviews, etc.?)What thoughts keep your avatar awake at night?What does your avatar’s typical social environment look like?How does their culture influence their personality and decision s?What things does your avatar feel like they have control over?What things does your avatar feel like are out of their reach?What does your avatar worry about?Who does your avatar celebrate?Has your avatars life lived up to their expectations?Determine Your Avatars Hobbies and InterestsWhat type of music does your avatar listen to?How often does your avatar listen to music?Does he or she like sports? Do they enjoy watching? Playing?Is your avatar interested in art?Where does your avatar want to travel?Where has your avatar already traveled?What does your avatar stay up-to-date on?What are your avatars favorite clothing brands?Determine Your Avatars Goals and ValuesWhat does your avatar want to accomplish this week? This year? Before they die?What is your avatars process for working towards those goals?What is your avatar committed to (values)?In what ways does your avatar wish to improve their family situation?What would your avatar pay almost anything for?Determine Your Avatars Ch allenges and Pain PointsWhat challenges is your avatar currently facing?What causes your avatar pain?What is the worst thing that could happen to your avatar if their problem (that you are solving in your book) wasnt solved?How would this make them feel?What is your avatar afraid of?What does your avatar dislike about their current situation?Determine Where Your Avatar Spends TimeWhere does your avatar hang out (physical locations)?Where does your avatar spend time on the internet?What books does your avatar read? Digital Marketer, an online business that specializes in internet marketing, suggests that you answer the question, My ideal [reader] would read [book name], but no one else would. By determining a book that your avatar would read, but no one else would, you are able to understand the personality and buying traits of your avatar even more.What magazines does your avatar read?What blogs and websites does your avatar read and spend time on?Does your avatar use Twitter? Why?D oes your avatar use Facebook? Why?Does your avatar use LinkedIn? Why?What other social media platforms does your avatar use? Why?How much time does your avatar spend online?What conferences does your avatar attend?Who does your avatar consider gurus or experts?What types of technology does your avatar use (what type of phone, computer, television, etc.)?What does your avatar think of themselves?What does your avatars friends think about them?What does your avatars family think about them?Determine Objections Your Avatar Might Have To Your Book/MessageWhat possible objections might your avatar have to your book/message?Why would your avatar choose not to buy your book?What is your avatars ability to purchase products from you?How does your avatar perceive products similar to yours?Determine What Your Avatars Experience With Your Book Should BeWhat did your avatar do before reading your book?What will your avatar think while reading your book?What is your avatar trying to accomplish b y reading your book?What will your avatar do after reading your book?What will make your avatar come back to your book?Steps to Find Your Voice in WritingTo create your avatar, something that will greatly enhance your voice as a writer and your all-around ability to sell to and connect with your readers, do the following:Answer the questions above.Based on the information you gather, write a story about your avatar. Transform the facts into a short narrative about this persons life.Write your book to this person and watch your writing voice become more consistent and powerful.Knowing who you are writing for not only influences future blog posts, sales copy, email marketing, and paid traffic advertising, it also helps you write your book.

Advertising and Globalization in India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Advertising and Globalization in India - Essay Example This paper illustrates that every country or region presents unique opportunities and has strategic challenges to multinational businesses about the most effective advertising strategy. Advertising campaigns that work best in a country in Asia such as India may not necessarily have a  similar impact to that in the west such as the U.K. or the U.S. Furthermore, social, economic, and legal factors have a central role as determinant factors of advertisement. This concept forms the basis of a study conducted by Ciochetto in India. Ciochetto investigated the dynamics of advertising development in India in the wake of globalization trend and expanding operations of multinational companies and business. The study focuses on the development of television and satellite advertisement in India as used by multinational companies and businesses. Advertising in contemporary India has experienced notable advancements prompted by trends that emanate from the influence of globalization. Ciochetto e xplores contemporary trends in advertising as related to globalization, with reference to India. It is noteworthy that India has experienced massive developments in the advertising sector since the 1990s. Among the great developments is the expansion in satellite and television as the greatest media of advertising in India. Tabassum discusses the positive implications of the advent of satellite technology to globalization in India. Among the key importance highlighted are the advancements in advertisements through high technology. The advertising sector is subject to notable improvements in the use of technology. Ciochetto outlines the reforms in international advertising in India under the current trends of globalization. Advertising involves diverse aspects of idea presentation, mainly to the target market. Ciochetto also addresses the influence of reforms in the Indian society and culture. The study outlines various environmental factors that affect international advertising in I ndia. The factors include the economy and culture. In addition, the legal and political systems are also considerable factors that influence international advertising in India.

Channel and Pricing Strategies, and Environmental Issues Essay

Channel and Pricing Strategies, and Environmental Issues - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Apple Inc. is an iconic American consumer electronics company. The company is headquartered in Cupertino, California, USA. The company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in the year of 1976. The company specializes in manufacturing products like iPod, iPad, iPhone, Macintosh computers and many more. The company has planned to launch Apple iDesk (a new product that is an iPad with the size of a desktop and can be mounted on a desk for a computer lab like setting). The company has selected three cities (NYC, Tokyo, and Stanford, CA) to launch the product in the initial stage. Apple Inc. has selected three different colleges (New York Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Tokyo Institute of Technology) as a test market for iDesk. This channel may vary in length and number of stages involved in the whole process. The company can sell iDesk via online stores or customer can buy iDesk from authorized Apple retail stores. Apple has complete control over the retailers of authorized stores in terms of pricing, product availability and promotional support. The company has more than 300 retail stores across the world. A majority (almost 70%) of the Apple Stores are located in the USA. The company has made the contractual agreement with few big players (like Wal-Mart, AT&T, and Best Buy) to distribute a product. The company preferred Joint venture and direct investment model to enter the international market. Organizations set a price of a product higher than any other competitor’s product and with this strategy, they try to indicate a quality of the product. This is known as premium pricing policy. Apple Inc. has positioned itself as the marketer of quality products unique in design and applications. Customers are ready to pay the high price for products manufactured by the company. Apple should follow the premium pricing strategy for iDesk

US Global Financial Crisis: Timeline of Causes and Effects

US Global Financial Crisis: Timeline of Causes and Effects Introduction: The global financial crisis of 2008-2009 began in July 2007 when a loss of confidence by investors in the value of securitized mortgages in the United States resulted in a liquidity crisis that prompted a substantial injection of capital into financial markets by the United States Federal Reserve, Bank of England and the European Central Bank. In September 2008, the crisis deepened, as stock markets worldwide crashed and entered a period of high volatility, and a considerable number of banks, mortgage lenders and insurance companies failed in the following weeks. Scope The crisis in real estate, banking and credit in the United States had a global reach, affecting a wide range of financial and economic activities and institutions, including the: Overall tightening of credit with financial institutions making both corporate and consumer credit harder to get; Financial markets (stock exchanges and derivative markets) that experienced steep declines; Liquidity problems in equity funds and hedge funds; Devaluation of the assets underpinning insurance contracts and pension funds leading to concerns about the ability of these instruments to meet future obligations: Increased public debt public finance due to the provision of public funds to the financial services industry and other affected industries, and the Devaluation of some currencies (Icelandic crown, some Eastern Europe and Latin America currencies) and increased currency volatility, Background In the years leading up to the crisis, high consumption and low savings rates in the U.S. contributed to significant amounts of foreign money flowing into the U.S. from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries. This inflow of funds combined with low U.S. interest rates from 2002-2004 resulted in easy credit conditions, which fueled both housing and credit bubbles. Loans of various types (e.g., mortgage, credit card, and auto) were easy to obtain and consumers assumed an unprecedented debt load. As part of the housing and credit booms, the amount of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS), which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. Such financial innovation enabled institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. As housing prices declined, major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS reported significant losses. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles built, a series of factors caused the financial system to become increasingly fragile. Policymakers did not recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. These institutions as well as certain regulated banks had also assumed significant debt burdens while providing the loans described above and did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity. Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to take action to provide funds to encourage lending and to restore faith in the commercial pape r markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions, assuming significant additional financial commitments. Cause Of The Financial Crisis Various causes have been proposed for the crisis, with experts placing different weights upon particular issues. The proximate cause of the crisis was the turn of the housing cycle in the United States and the associated rise in delinquencies on subprime mortgages, which imposed substantial losses on many financial institutions and shook investor confidence in credit markets. However, although the subprime debacle triggered the crisis, the developments in the U.S. mortgage market were only one aspect of a much larger and more encompassing credit boom whose impact transcended the mortgage market to affect many other forms of credit. Aspects of this broader credit boom included widespread declines in underwriting standards, breakdowns in lending oversight by investors and rating agencies, increased reliance on complex and opaque credit instruments that proved fragile under stress, and unusually low compensation for risk-taking. The abrupt end of the credit boom has had widespread finan cial and economic ramifications. Financial institutions have seen their capital depleted by losses and write downs and their balance sheets clogged by complex credit products and other illiquid assets of uncertain value. Rising credit risks and intense risk aversion have pushed credit spreads to unprecedented levels, and markets for securitized assets, except for mortgage securities with government guarantees, have shut down. Heightened systemic risks, falling asset values, and tightening credit have in turn taken a heavy toll on business and consumer confidence and precipitated a sharp slowing in global economic activity. The damage, in terms of lost output, lost jobs, and lost wealth, is already substantial. Beginning with failures caused by misapplication of risk controls for bad debts, collateralization of debt insurance and fraud, large financial institutions in the United States and Europe faced a credit crisis and a slowdown in economic activity. The crisis rapidly developed and spread into a global economic shock, resulting in a number of European bank failures, declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities and commodities. Moreover, the de-leveraging of financial institutions further accelerated the liquidity crisis and caused a decrease in international trade. World political leaders, national ministers of finance and central bank directors coordinated their efforts to reduce fears, but the crisis continued. At the end of October a currency crisis developed, with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the Inter national Monetary Fund. Ultimately, looking for a cause of the current financial crisis, it is critical to remember that organizations failed to do a number of things: Truly adopt an enterprise risk management culture. Embrace and demonstrate appropriate enterprise risk management behaviors, or attributes. Develop and reward internal risk management competencies, and Use enterprise risk management to inform management decision-making in both taking and avoiding risks. Enterprise risk management to be effective must fundamentally change the way organizations think about risk. When enterprise risk management becomes part of the DNA of a companys culture, the warning signs of a market gone astray cannot go unseen so easily. When every employee is part of a larger risk management process, companies can be much more resilient in the face of risks. It is an important lesson to learn now, before the cycle renews itself and businesses find themselves facing the next cycle of business failures, lapses in risk management and shortcomings in governance. The cycle does not have to repeat itself as it always has in the past. Enterprise risk management is an important key to preventing it. Enterprise risk management, when designed and implemented comprehensively and systemically, can change future outcomes. When it is practiced fully, enterprise risk management does not just help protect businesses from setbacks, it enables better overall business performance. Effects Of The Financial Crisis Economic Effects And Projections Global Aspects A number of commentators have suggested that if the liquidity crisis continues, there could be an extended recession or worse. The continuing development of the crisis prompted fears of a global economic collapse. The financial crisis is likely to yield the biggest banking shakeout since the savings-and-loan meltdown. The United Kingdom had started systemic injection, and the worlds central banks were now cutting interest rates. Regulatory Proposals And Long-Term Solutions A variety of regulatory changes have been proposed by economists, politicians, journalists, and business leaders to minimize the impact of the current crisis and prevent recurrence. However, as of April 2009, many of the proposed solutions have not yet been implemented. These include: Ben Bernanke: Establish resolution procedures for closing troubled financial institutions in the shadow banking system, such as investment banks and hedge funds. Joseph Stiglitz: Restrict the leverage that financial institutions can assume. Require executive compensation to be more related to long-term performance. Re-instate the separation of commercial (depository) and investment banking established by the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933 and repealed in 1999 by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Simon Johnson: Break-up institutions that are too big to fail to limit systemic risk. Paul Krugman: Regulate institutions that act like banks similarly to banks. Alan Greenspan: Banks should have a stronger capital cushion, with graduated regulatory capital requirements (i.e., capital ratios that increase with bank size), to discourage them from becoming too big and to offset their competitive advantage. Warren Buffett: Require minimum down payments for home mortgages of at least 10% and income verification. Eric Dinallo: Ensure any financial institution has the necessary capital to support its financial commitments. Regulate credit derivatives and ensure they are traded on well-capitalized exchanges to limit counterparty risk. Raghuram Rajan: Require financial institutions to maintain sufficient contingent capital (i.e., pay insurance premiums to the government during boom periods, in exchange for payments during a downturn.) A. Michael Spence and Gordon Brown: Establish an early-warning system to help detect systemic risk. Niall Ferguson and Jeffrey Sachs: Impose haircuts on bondholders and counterparties prior to using taxpayer money in bailouts. Nouriel Roubini: Nationalize insolvent banks. Reduce mortgage balances to assist homeowners, giving the lender a share in any future home appreciation. Timeline Of Events Predecessors Mar-2000 Dot-com bubble peak Jan-2001 First Cut in Fed Funds rate for this cycle (from 6.5% to 6.00%) Stock market downturn of 2002 Jun-2003 Lowest Fed Funds rate for this cycle (1%) Late 2003 Lowest 3mo T-bill rate for this cycle (0.88%) 2003-2004 Prolonged period of low Fed Funds and positively sloped yield curve Jun-2004 First increase in Fed Funds rate for this cycle (from 1% to 1.25%) 2003-2005 Period of maximum inflation of the United States housing bubble 2004-2006 Slow rise in Fed Funds rate with positively sloped but narrowing yield curve Feb-2005 Greenspan calls long-term interest rate behavior a â€Å"conundrum† Jun-2006 Fed Funds reach peak for this cycle of 5.25% Oct-2006 Yield curve is flat Events Of 2007 March, 2007 Yield curve maximum inversion for this cycle August, 2007: Liquidity crisis emerges September, 2007: Northern Rock seeks and receives a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England October, 2007: Record high U.S. stock market October 9, 2007 Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) 14,164 Events Of 2008 January, 2008: Stock Market Volatility February, 2008: Nationalisation of Northern Rock March, 2008: Collapse of Bear Stearns June 27, 2008: Bear Market of 2008 declared July 1, 2008: Bank of America buys Countrywide Financial July, 2008: Oil prices peak at $147 per barrel as money flees housing and stock assets toward commodities September, 2008: Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 September, 2008: Troubled Assets Relief Program September, 2008: Bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers September, 2008: Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac September, 2008: American International Group#Federal Reserve bailout September, 2008: Merrill Lynch sold to Bank of America Corporation September, 2008: Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs confirmed that they would become traditional bank holding companies September, 2008: partial nationalization of Fortis holding October, 2008: Large losses in financial markets world wide throughout September and October October, 2008: Passage of EESA of 2008 October, 2008: Icelands major banks nationalized November, 2008: China creates a stimulus plan November, 2008: Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) touches recent low point of 7,507 points December, 2008: The Australian Government injects economic stimulus package to avoid the country going into recession, December, 2008 December, 2008: Madoff Ponzi scheme scandal erupts December, 2008: Belgium government resigns as a result of Fortis nationalization Events Of 2009 January 2009: Blue Monday Crash 2009 January 2009: U.S. President Barack Obama proposes federal spending bill approaching $1 trillion in value in an attempt to remedy financial crisis January 2009: Lawmakers propose massive bailout of failing U.S. banks January 2009: the U.S. House of Representatives passes the aforementioned spending bill. January 2009: Government of Iceland collapses. February 2009: Canadas Parliament passes an early budget with a $40 billion stimulus package. February 2009: JPMorgan Chase and Citigroup formally announce a temporary moratorium on residential foreclosures. The moratoriums will remain in effect until March 6 for JPMorgan and March 12 for Citigroup. February 2009: U.S. President Barack Obama signs the $787 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 into law. February 2009: The Australian Government seeks to enact another economic stimulus package. February 2009: 2009 Eastern European financial crisis arises. February 2009: The Bank of Antigua is taken over by the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank after Sir Allen Stanford is accused by U.S. financial authorities of involvement in an $8bn ( £5.6bn) investment fraud. Peru, Venezuela, and Ecuador, had earlier suspended operations at banks owned by the group. February 23, 2009: The Dow Jones Industrial Average and the SP 500 indexes stumbled to lows not seen since 1997. February 27, 2009: The SP index closes at a level not seen since December 1996, and also closes the two month period beginning January 1 with the worst two month opening to a year in its history with a loss in value of 18.62% March 2, 2009: The SP index finishes the first trading day of March with a drop of 4.7%, the worst opening to a March in NYSE history. March 6, 2009: The UK Government takes a controlling interest in Lloyds Banking Group by insuring their debt. March 8, 2009: United States bear market of 2007-2009 declared March 18, 2009: The Federal Reserve announced that it will purchase $1.15 trillion in U.S. assets ($750 billion in mortgage backed securities, $300 billion in Treasuries, $100 billion in Agencies) in a bid to prop up liquidity and lending to spur economic growth. The markets initially rallied on the news, however concerns began to grow regarding long term devaluation of the U.S. dollar and subsequent inflation. March 23, 2009: In the United States, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve, and the Treasury Department jointly announce the Public-Private Investment Program to leverage $75-$100 billion of TARP funds with private capital to purchase $500 billion of Legacy Assets (a.k.a. toxic assets). June 3, 2009: The Australian Government announces that the Australian economy did not show negative growth for two consecutive quarters, and thus has not officially entered recession. Literature Review The financial crisis motivates the below literatures to express their views from different angles, the below section highlights the main points for each: 1. Josà © De Gregorio: Inflation targeting and financial crises ; Governor of the Central Bank of Chile, Colombia, Bogota, 28 May 2009. Financial stability must be preserved with an adequate regulatory system. Agencies must analyze the strength of institutions, while central banks must evaluate the systems overall stability. Regulators and central banks must closely cooperate and work in the effort of maintaining the integrity of the financial system. Regulating specific institutions is not enough, because interconnections exist that could derive in a systemic crisis. The current crisis proves that the regulatory scope must encompass every agent with a systemic importance. So a proper macro-prudential regulatory system is needed. A first set of instruments has to do with capital adequacy. However, this is not enough, and it is no trivial to judge the soundness of the financial system by its capital and leverage levels. Higher levels of capital will certainly have to be required in the future, particularly as banks gradually assume higher levels of risk. Central banks must strengthen and perfect the models with which they carry out their stress tests. They should take into account the interconnections within the financial system and detect vulnerabilities opportunely. It is important to allow securitization, but establishing incentives for both credit screening and monitoring of payments to remain at the banks and that the process of transferring credit risk away from individual institutions balance sheets does not escape the authoritys eye. The current crisis should not become a hindrance to financial development, but a sign of alert in favor of prudence and rigor when assessing the innovations. 2. George Provopoulos: Reflections on the economic and financial crisis; Athens, 18 May 2009. The key priority among policy makers is to bring back economic growth and help bring about prosperity for everyone. The policy response should also be of a dual nature, one part of which involves a short-run response and the second part of which involves a medium-term response. In the short run, whatever is feasible should be done to support economic recovery. In the medium term, is the preparation to pursue a credible exit strategy from the extraordinary policy interventions while developing an effective framework for financial supervision. The short-term, response will help pave the way to recovery. The second, medium-term, response will help ensure that organizations do not experience a similar crisis in the future. 3. Rakesh Mohan: Global financial crisis causes, impact, policy responses and lessons , London, 23 April 2009. The ongoing global financial crisis can be largely attributed to extended periods of excessively loose monetary policy over the period 2002-04. Very low interest rates during this period encouraged an aggressive search for yield and a substantial compression of risk-premia globally. Abundant liquidity in the advanced economies generated by the loose monetary policy found its way in the form of large capital flows to the emerging market economies. All these factors boosted asset and commodity prices, including oil, across the spectrum providing a boost to consumption and investment. The ongoing deleveraging in the advanced economies and the plunging consumer and business confidence has led to recession in the major advanced economies. 4. Jean-Claude Trichet: The global dimension of the crisis: Japan, Tokyo, 18 April 2009. The current crisis has shown that there is a need for more rigorous regulation of the global financial system. Such regulation needs to meet two fundamental requirements. First, it needs to prevent the excessive risk taking that we have been observing in financial markets over the past years and that led to the creation of asset price bubbles and large imbalances in the global economy. At the same time, it needs to create an environment that is conducive to sustainable growth for economies in the long run. The international community has swiftly reacted to the need for greater coordination of policies and regulation of international financial markets National governments have in addition undertaken an unprecedented concerted fiscal expansion to stimulate demand and foster confidence in economies. Governments have also decided on a broad set of measures to support the banking sector and strengthen the stability of the international financial system. These measures include the injection of new capital, guarantees on bank debt and deposits, as well as large-scale schemes that aim at coping with the issue of impaired assets. 5. Ben S Bernanke: Four questions about the financial crisis Atlanta, Georgia, 14 April 2009. The current crisis has been one of the most difficult financial and economic episodes in modern history. There are tentative signs that the sharp decline in economic activity may be slowing. A leveling out of economic activity is the first step toward recovery. 6. Philipp Hildebrand: Developments in the current financial crisis, Berne, 2 April 2009. The financial market turbulence, which began some 20 months ago, has grown into the largest and most complex crisis since the 1930s. The real world economy is now feeling the full force of this financial crisis; its a very difficult period, although there are a few signs that the global economy could possibly be close to the cyclical trough. However, the route to recovery is unlikely to be straightforward, and the downside risks to growth remain considerable. Lucas Papademos: How to deal with the global financial crisis and promote the economys recovery and sustained growth, Brussels, 26 March 2009. The severity and duration of the current economic and financial crisis is partly a consequence of the reduced confidence in the prospects of the economy and the soundness of the financial system. The recovery of the economy also hinges on the restoration of consumer and business confidence that can contribute to the revival of spending and investment, and the return to normality in financial markets and the banking system. The rebuilding of trust will depend on ability to appropriately combine the policy actions needed to address the immediate challenges with the necessary reforms for establishing an economic, financial and institutional environment that is conducive to sustainable long-term growth. 8. Jean-Claude Trichet: What lessons can be learned from the economic and financial crisis?; Paris, 17 March 2009. The global economy was hit in mid-September 2008 by an unprecedented abrupt loss of confidence. It was perhaps the first time in economic history that a single negative event was able, within a few days, to have a simultaneous and negative effect on all private economic agents in every economy, industrialized and emerging. Public authorities, executive branches, and central banks must do all they can to regain, preserve and foster confidence among households and corporations to pave the way for sustainable prosperity. This calls for actions to be measured. Confidence of households and corporations today depends crucially on their trust in the capacity of authorities to preserve the soundness and sustainability of fiscal positions in the years to come. Confidence of economic agents today depends equally on their trust in the determination of central banks to preserve price stability. It is essential to achieve this balance between the measured audacity of todays non-conventional decisions and the credible determination to ensure a path that is sustainable in the medium and long term. Exaggerated swings without perspective would delay the return of sustainable prosperity, because they would undermine confidence, which is the most precious ingredient in the present circumstances. 9. Lucas Papademos: Tackling the financial crisis policies for stability and recovery ; London, 11 February 2009. To presume better regulation, more effective supervision and longer-term stability-oriented macroeconomic policy would suffice to eliminate the cyclical features of the financial system and the build-up of financial imbalances in the future. Market participants have an important role to play and self-interest in addressing some of the revealed weakness in the financial system, and in strengthening market discipline. What policy-makers can do, and should aim at, is to ensure that the macroeconomic policies and the regulatory framework designated do not exacerbate cyclical fluctuations, and that, when financial imbalances and market excesses emerge and are identified, the appropriate tools to address them in an effective manner should be used. 10. Hervà © Hannoun: Long-term sustainability versus short-term stimulus: is there a trade-off? , Kuala Lumpur, 7 February 2009. There are two stylised types of policy response to the global crisis: stabilization and stimulation. A measured stabilisation policy accepts the fact that the adjustment is inescapable while it endeavours to mitigate the pain and promote an orderly adjustment. In contrast, stimulation policies, pushed to the extreme, seek a stimulus that would be large enough to, so to speak, eliminate the adjustment period a goal that would obviously be illusory. It is a legitimate goal of policy to mitigate the macroeconomic recession and slow the spin of the negative feedback loop. However, expansionary policies that fail to take the crisis of confidence sufficiently into account run the risk of becoming ineffective beyond the very short term. To restore confidence in a sustainable way, policy actions should be embedded in a credible longer-term perspective and pay due attention to their effects on the expectations of economic agents. The crucial actions are to develop consistent medium-term policy frameworks, plan sufficiently in advance for how current policies will be unwound when normal conditions return, and develop a consistent approach to macro financial stability. Together, these measures would ensure that short-term policy actions do not sow the seeds of tomorrows boom and bust episodes. 11. Philipp Hildebrand: The global financial crisis analysis and outlook, Zurich, 5 February 2009. Only a careful investigation of the responsibilities is likely to point to ways in which financial system, and ultimately economy, can be made more resilient once this crisis has been overcome. Financial markets react to incentives, and these incentives were misplaced in the past. It is in power to start lobbying for clearly defined and risk-limiting conditions. 12. Jean-Claude Trichet: Remarks on the financial turmoil Brussels, 8 December 2008. Measures to address the challenges posed by the current conditions in the financial markets. In addition avoiding the reoccurrence of a similar crisis in the future. However, measures taken by public authorities can only go so far. The banking sector needs to also do its part by committing to reactivating the interbank market, resuming their intermediation role and implementing the necessary reforms aimed at strengthening the resilience of the financial system in the long term. 13. Jose Manuel Gonzalez-Paramo: The financial market crisis, uncertainty and policy responses , Madrid, 21 November 2008. Uncertainty translated into a severe under-appreciation of the risks associated with certain classes of financial instruments and institutions. More recently, with the intensification and broadening of the market turmoil, uncertainty has further increased and developed into a pervasive phenomenon affecting a wide range of markets, assets and financial sectors. Systemic uncertainty may potentially undermine the foundations of our financial systems, which are in turn essential for the orderly functioning of economies. 14. Christian Noyer: Some thoughts on the financial crisis Tokyo, 18 November 2008. Economic and financial forces are at play and recent events are the consequences of such forces. Policy makers, have a very critical role to play to try and ensure that such qualitative remain aligned with facts and reality. 15. Lars Nyberg: Challenges following the current crisis Santiago, 6 November 2008. The crisis will most likely redraw the global financial landscape in various ways. And even if the recent measures taken by governments and central banks have improved market conditions somewhat, it is far from certain that the crisis will be over any time soon. What will come out at the other end of the crisis is also still much too early to tell. The financial industry and the responsible authorities have to make certain that the costs of the prevailing financial turbulence are kept as low as possible. 16. Christian Noyer: A review of the financial crisis Paris, 7 October 2008 (updated 15 October 2008). To address all the questions and challenges that this crisis has raised: these include the role of credit ratings agencies, the management of risk, market infrastructures, the scope of financial regulation and the question of remuneration.. Pay structures should not encourage short-termism or, as was the case, excessive risk taking. 17. Lorenzo Bini Smaghi: Some thoughts on the international financial crisis , Milan, 20 October 2008. There are some time-honoured lines of action which relate to the prevention of crises, namely better regulation and supervision, in particular at the international level, and more effective crisis resolution mechanisms. One new point for consideration that has emerged from this crisis relates equally to ethical, social and political aspects. This should be solved both by governments, so that decision-making mechanisms can be adopted which allow the abovementioned problems to be overcome in a crisis, and also by the financial sector itself, which must clearly draw some lessons from recent events. In a market economy, maximizing profits and shareholders interests are a priority for management. They permit the efficient allocation of resources within the economy. However, when a sector such as the financial sector is of systemic importance to the functioning of the economy and is prone to instability, the objective function must be broader. It is a problem of rules, incentives and individual responsibility.

Knowledge Management Mastercard Essay

The company MasterCard is a technology company and payments industry leader. For over four decades, the company has been a driving force at the heart of commerce, making the global economy safer, more efficient, more inclusive and more transparent for all. Consumers, merchants, business partners and governments in markets around the world have reaped the benefits of our innovative products and solutions which, simply put, are designed to make life easier. The mission of MasterCard consists in imagining a world beyond cash and their mission is very simple: Every day, everywhere, Master Card uses their technology and expertise to make payments safe, simple and smart. In the last four decades, people and companies worldwide have changed their way of payment for goods and services. The rise of the electronic payments has fueled economic growth while delivering value to consumers, merchants and governments. From the earliest days of credit cards to the contactless and wireless payment options of today, MasterCard Worldwide has led the industry, driving this evolution. MasterCard works in a three channel method. Those 3 channels are: Franchisor, Processor and Consultant. In the Franchisor channel, products such as Maestro ®, Cirrus ® and MasterCard ® PayPassâ„ ¢ appear. With those products, the company affects more than 32 million establishments. The processor area makes operation with other companies and partners around the world in a simple and smart way. The big key point for these attribute is based on the fast network, one of the biggest VPNs of the world, offering not just agility, but also integration and trust. Least, the Consultant channel provides insights and solutions that promote a better and more competitive market. The research Inside the organization, the Product department and the Commercial department are directly linked. The first one is related to the care of the different products in many different categories that are offered by the organization, while the commercial area is primarily responsible for the customer relationship and supply of structured products to the product area. The commercial departments, responsible for all customer relationships, are divided to provide a better service by segmenting customers according to their importance to the business. For example, for Citibank, one of the most important banks for MasterCard, there are more than two, three people responsible for one client, while for minor banks, there is sometimes only one person responsible. This allows the commercial area to meet its customers by giving attention proportional to the size of each account, seeking solutions that fit in each case, so that one can be created, the best care possible. The product department is targeted through the products it offers, that way, the areas are divided by types of cards (traditional types such as debit and credit, corporate, pre-paid and others). Each group works to meet the needs of the commercial area, seeking the best solutions according to the demands. So we have two areas that work together, but have different focuses, which can cause disagreements about the best way to deliver a product to a given customer. That way, we can find a good topic to do our research based on this issue. Question Due to the analyses made on the previous topic, we can come up with the question for the paper. Why knowledge is not used by all parts? What can we do to improve this topic? Products and Commercial Departments Processes As said before, the process that the products department works is different from the commercial’s one. The products process is characterized by the division of groups and teams specialized in a specific product. That way, we can confirm that a wide knowledge is limited inside this department, but on the other hand, those groups have a high knowledge about a specific product. Differently, the commercial process is divided not by products, but by clients, issuers. So, those groups have a good flexibility when it comes to relation with the customers and so can have a wider knowledge. But, once this group works only with one client, it is possible that this client works with a small number of products, that way, the commercial group would not acquire knowledge in those other products. Tasks Within the tasks that the commercial department is responsible for we can highlight the following main topics: * Direct relationship with the issuers (Banks) * Project with issuers to enhance the number of MasterCard cards inside * Promotions * Campaigns * Raffles * Work together with different departments For the products area, we can highlight the following tasks: * Come up with new products ideas * Develop the product for the clients * Track the performance of the products KM Theory To illustrate the knowledge flow within the two departments, we are going to use a KM model that sustains and explains the formulation of a new departmentalization to enhance the performance of the company Figure 1: Observing, the General Knowledge Model (figure 1), we can make a comparison of that theory with the case that we are discussing. The Knowledge Creation associates entry of new knowledge into the system, and includes knowledge development, discovery and capture. For the MasterCard case, the Creation would be for both departments the new ideas of new products and also new ideas for product that already exist. That way, it would have do disparity of how those two departments work. Knowledge Retention includes all activities that preserve knowledge and allow it to remain in the system once introduced. Once the new idea is into the system, both parts have to work together to retain this concept into the system, and the only way for this to happen is if that both of the parts have the same knowledge of the concept (product) Knowledge Transfer refers to activities associated with the flow of knowledge from one party to another. This includes communication, translation, conversion, filtering and rendering. That part would be the most important of the process for the two departments. Here, the knowledge of one part would be transfered to the other, that way, the knowledge of the product would be the same for both parts. Last, but not least, Knowledge Utilization includes the activities and events connected with the application of knowledge to business processes. Data Using the Knowledge Acquisition tool, we can come up with important information and data. To start the KA analysis, is important to find out about the human reasoning process and the human cognitive system with its system constraints. After that step, is important to make a division in task characteristics and cognitive characteristics. That way, we can say that Knowledge Acquisition is about different methods to acquire and elicit knowledge; to make knowledge explicit; to stimulate knowledge transfer; to order, systematize and structure knowledge. That way, we can observe the different types of sources for knowledge acquisition. For the case in study, we can say that the way that knowledge is transmitted and acquire trough communication face-to-face between the product and the commercial department. Moreover, the knowledge about the products is also gain trough handbooks and organizational training. With those information, we can collect a data really important, the fact that knowledge is elicit trough structured (organizational training and presentations) and non-structured (communication face-to-face between commercial department and product department) ways. It is very interesting, that with this tool, we can observe that the knowledge both parts have about the same products is really different sometimes. As already expected, the commercial department has knowledge about sales attributes. On the other hand, the product department has more knowledge about the specific points and technological aspects of the product. To end this disparity of knowledge, a good choice would be to change the working ways in those areas, in other words, it would need a reformulation on the organization structure of MasterCard. Results * With the reformulation that was discussed before, the products would be created jointly, aiming each client and their own segmentation, making products no longer offered by the area of general commercial, but a specific form that would be created, allowing you to create a higher perceived value for the customers, since assembling products would create a synergy that would combine expertise in creating products possessed by product area with full knowledge of the client as the commercial area has. For this, the specialists of the products would have a greater knowledge of each type of product offered, reducing the segmentation of the area in premium products, and upscale retail and other products. So each specialist would be responsible for a niche within each client, allowing maintaining focus on the products he considers the most, rather than generalizing all segments within a specialist. This approach As described above, this approach is a way to get the specialists creating products together with managers of commercial accounts, specific products for customers, improving relationships and creating value for these. Moreover, we can say that with this reformulation, knowledge would be more used in the company and that way, the company would be more successful.